How do print-based assessments differ from digital assessments in terms of validity and reliability?

How do print-based assessments differ from digital assessments in terms of validity and reliability?

• A. Print assessments are less stable across devices.
• B. Digital formats offer analytics but may introduce accessibility or device familiarity biases; both require alignment with objectives and consistent scoring.
• C. Digital formats are always more reliable.
• D. Neither format requires alignment with learning objectives.

Answer: (B)